Year 1066 The Normans settled successfully in Italy too (1000-1066). Initially they lent services for various tasks such as they protected, upon payment, pilgrims travelling or returning from the Way of St Michael the Archangel or Mount Sant'Angelo in Gargano. The Normans in Italy were led by Drengot, who, from a building that stood next to the votive church of Sancte Paulum et Averze, founded the town of Aversa, which became the reference point for all the Normans who arrived in Italy. Robert Guiscard de Hauteville (from French vissart = fox), already Duke of Apulia, removed the last Lombard prince with the conquest Salerno in 1077. From there he extended his dominions in southern Italy. The symbol of the Normans in Italy is the rampant lion with a lily of France. This is visible in numerous descendants' houses. In 1066 in Milan the supremacy of Archbishop Guido da Velate ends. The archbishop was allied with the feudal lords who did not want to change in a more civilized and modern life the Lombard life, which was projected to great economic achievements. To put an end to the authority of the prelate is one of the founders of the pataria who ascended to the papal chair: the Patarine Anselmo da Baggio, Pope Alexander II. In Milan the Patarini continued their work to moralize and bring the dignity back to a city stifled by the corruption of the clergy, led by the archbishop of simony. The Patarine Erlembardo, succeeded Landulf Cotta Pataria and asked the excommunication of the Archbishop to Alexander who immediately accepted. Excommunication caused numerous riots in the city as the one organized by the feudal lords hostile to the reform of the clergy, fearful of losing their privileges acquired not by merit, but by corruption. In the conflict the other founder of Pataria, Arialdo, was killed. In 1066 in Italy, starting from a simple monastery founded by St. Benedict of Nursia in 529, which was built from an ancient temple of Apollo, the construction of the great Abbey of Montecassino began. Throughout the Middle Ages it was a lively center of cultural spread. It will endure for about 1000 years, then it will be destroyed and crumbled by the American bombing in 1944 during World War II. Later in 1964 the abbey was rebuilt. By: class 3 A SIA IIS “DE’ LIGUORI”