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ITALIAN GROUP
Migration to and from Italy from 2005 to 2015
Immigration in Italy appears to be a relatively recent phenomenon, which began to reach significant size roughly in the early seventies, and later became a phenomenon characterizing the Italian demographics in the early twenty-first century.
The immigrant population should not be confused with the foreign population: the immigrant population is composed of all the residents who were born abroad with foreign citizenship, even if they have subsequently acquired Italian citizenship; while the foreign population is composed of all residents who have foreign citizenship, even if they were born in Italy.
The relationship with immigration appears ambivalent. On the one hand, there are concerns and episodes of intolerance, fueled by the media and 'political entrepreneurs of fear'(even though the alarm caused by immigration has been considerably reabsorbed); on the other hand, the degree of integration, measured by Caritas-Migrantes Foundation on behalf of the CNEL on the basis of a wide range of statistical indicators (relating the reception, integration in the labor market, access to services, the spread of crime etc.) is given from the social reality. The areas that provide the greatest level of integration of immigrants, in fact, are those where the prejudices and fears are the most widespread: the Northeast, mostly Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige, Veneto and Lombardy. As for the provinces, out of the top 26, per degree of integration, 18 belong to the Po River (excluding the Emilia Romagna). Including those considered in the common perception, the most hostile to foreigners: from Vicenza to Treviso, from Bergamo to Lecco, from Varese to Mantova, Cremona in Pordenone in Brescia. Provinces where immigration is called and absorbed by the labor market, polycentrism offers urban housing and, at the same time, it limits the concentration of foreigners in specific areas (mostly suburban and degraded); where immigrants are a resource, or at least a necessity for families, who use them for support and service activities (the elderly and others) and associations (Catholic, but also secular) play an important reception role and a social and cultural mediation. Finally, we must not under evaluate the contribution made by immigration demographically. If in recent years the population has ceased to decline and, therefore, to grow old, it is especially due to immigrants.
Data on foreigners do not include the ones naturalized Italian and irregular foreigners. According to the census of population of 2011, 607,394 foreigners were naturalized Italian. The acquisitions of citizenship are rising steadily, from 4,158 in 1991 to 10,401 in 2001 to 65,383 in 2012, up to 178,035 in 2015 (+ 37% compared to 2014). On 1st January 2015, Italy was the fifth country of the European Union for immigrants, or born abroad, with 5.8 million immigrants, after Germany (10.2 million), the UK (8.4 million), France (7.9 million) and Spain (5.9 million). It was rather the third country in the European Union for the foreign population, with 5 million foreign nationals, after Germany (7.5 million) and the UK (5.4 million) and ahead of Spain (4.5 million) and France ( 4.4 million). As for the number of immigrants as a percentage of the total resident population, Italy is classified nineteenth (out of 28) in the European Union (9.5% of immigrants in the total population), while as for the number of foreigners it is eleventh (with 8.2% of foreigners).
In 2014 the acquisition of citizenship in Italy (129 thousand) was, in absolute terms, less than in Spain (206 thousand), but more or less in line with those recorded in Germany (111 thousand), France ( 106 thousand) and the UK (126 thousand). Among those who have acquired Italian citizenship in 2015, 20% were previously citizens of Albania and 18% Moroccan, or belonged to two foreign communities of the oldest settlement in Italy.
Italy has always been a country of emigration.
In the early 2000s the flow of emigration is a new type, very different from the historical one: going from Italy to the rest of the world, and is currently characterized by a quarter by professionals often graduated, the so-called "brain drain” . This term generally means a temporary migration phenomenon, at least in the earliest intentions, of medium/ high skilled young people to foreign countries.
However, owing to the effects of the severe economic crisis of 2007-2008, there has been a consistent flow of expatriates from Italy to Northern Europe (particularly Germany where they arrived only in 2012 , more than 35,000 Italians) but also to other countries such as Canada, Australia, the US and south American countries. It is a stream which, according to the AIRE of 2012 data, is around 78,000 people, an increase of about 20,000 compared to 2011, although it is estimated that the actual number of people who emigrated is significantly higher (between twice and three times), as many countrymen have cancelled their residence in Italy much later than their actual departure. In Italy it is also significant that these flows not only affect the regions of southern Italy, but also those of the north.
According to available statistics, the Italian community in the world has stabilized over 4 million Italians living abroad, although much reduced from 9,200,000 the early twenties, when it was about one-fifth of the entire Italian population.
Italians living abroad at 31st December 2010 were 4,115,235 (47.8% are women). The Italian community emigrated continues to increase for both new departures, which are continuing, and internal growth (enlargement of the families or people who get citizenship by descent). The Italian emigration is concentrated mainly between Europe (55.8%) and America (38.8%). Followed by Oceania (3.2%), Africa (1.3%) and Asia with 0.8%. The country with more Italians is Argentina (648,333) followed by Germany (631,243) and Switzerland (520,713) .In addition, 54.8% of Italian immigrants is of southern origin (more than 1 million 400 thousand in the South and nearly 800 thousand of Islands); 30.1% came from the northern regions (almost 600 thousand from 580 thousand from the North-East and North-West); 15% (588 717) is, finally, a native of the central regions. The emigrants of central and southern Italy are the overwhelming majority in Europe (62.1%) and Oceania (65%). In Asia and Africa, however, half of Italians come from the North. The region that has more emigrants is Sicily (646,993), followed by Campania (411,512), Calabria (343,010), Puglia (309,964) and Lombardy (291 476). As for the provinces with more Italians abroad, the record belongs to Rome (263,210), followed by Agrigento (138,517), Cosenza (138,152), Salerno (108,588) and Naples (104,495).
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Sara Lorusso
Martina Alicino
Paolo Simone
