Pythagoras realized that the land and sea are not static. Where now there's land, there once was sea and vice versa. Valleys are formed by running water and hills are eroded by water.

In music, he stretched the string to produce specific notes in octaves after having discovered the numerical relations between the notes of the scale.

In the field of astronomy, Pythagoras may have thought of the universe as rotating daily around an axis corresponding to the axis of the Earth. He may have thought of the sun, moon, planets, and even the earth as spheres. He is credited with being the first to realize the Morning Star and Evening Star were the same.

Presaging the heliocentric concept, a follower of Pythagoras, Philolaus, said the Earth revolved around the "central fire" of the universe.