Petrila, Romania

Coordinates:  45°27′0″N, 23°25′12″E

Country: Romania, Province Hunedoara

Documentary attestation: 1493

Population: 22.692 residents in 2011

Surface 308,68 km2

Entrails: coal

Altitude: 675 m

      

The administrative territory of Petrila is surrounded in the East by Sureanu Mountain in the N by Patru Top, in the S by Parang Mountain and in the W by Petrosani city. The city in situated in the meadow of the East Jiu.

In the Romanian language dictionary, published by the Romanian Academy Petrila means”unpoved road”.

The bids used “the black stone” which could burn for heating and for trade the layers of coals being not.

The systematic exploitation of coal in the Jiu Valley began with rudimentary methods in 1840.

Petrila is a city characterized by economic activity mono-industrial coal plants until 2015 when mines began closing.

The access in Petrila city is assured in the west side by DN66 Simeria-Petrosani.

Petrila has only industrial railway. The average temperature of the air for sixty years is 6,8 Celsius degrees. The monthly, average temperatures are between 4,5 Celsius degrees (in January and 16,7 Celsius degrees in July).

 

Red - the average temperature
Blue - rainfall
Orizontal- months
Vertical - temperature and precipitations

 

The sunset days are recorded from August to September, and the rainiest month is June.

In terms of climate, because Petrila is situated in the Jiu Valley, there is the possibility of thermal inversions, which in conditions of reduced circulation of masses atmospheric creates favorable conditions for the stagnations of low height above the ground.

By geographic location and altitude, the climate would be especially mountainous areas, but it closer to the mountain oust climate of low altitude, than of the sub-Carpathians Mountains.

The number of the warm days, with the average temperature above the limit of 10°C, is smaller in Petrila than in different regions considered colder. The number of summer days (with temperature more than 25°C) is average of 50 days.

The tropical days were pointed only in the central area of depression, is in average of 4-5 days a year, as opposed to the two localities situated at south and north to the Meridional Carpathians, where it's recorded 36 tropical days (namely days when the temperature raises above 30°C).

Petrila must be considerated like a topoclimatic unit with:

-long winters, but not excessive cold, short summers, with cool weather and very much fog and many showers;

-cold, dark and wet autumns, with prolong drizzle and September hoarfrost;

Thus, the local people have a saying: "here, at us, in Petrila, we have nine months of winter and three months of cold". It is said also that "the summer in Petrila lasts only one day".

Hunedoara Complex of Energy- makes of the district Hunedoara an important player on the regional market of energy.

At the beginning of 1867, the works of the construction of Simeria-Petrosani railway start through this a way of modern transport, was achieved. The railways engine attends to consume coals from Jiu Valley. As a consequences the dissing of coast galleries, from the East-Petrosani and Petrila's mines begins.

In 1872, the first steam extraction machine was assembled in Petrila and in 1890, the highways Petrosani-Targu Jiu was delivered. In 1955, the demanded power was increased at 50 MW through developing the exploitation and installation of preparing coal.

To achieve a hydroelectric power station in such a short time in our region, wasn't possible, in consequences, it remains the solution of  the power station on coals, mostly because the area had important coal reserves. The location of the Paroseni's power station was chosen at the entrance of the mine. In 1964, the first group of 150 MW from country and the biggest in that time, was I.C.T.Paroseni, being the first thermo-electric power station with a installed power of 300 MW. From 1981 to a 1982, the power station of Paroseni, assures the alimentation with thermic energy, of some localities in Jiu Valley.

Petrila wasn't counted through these.

The city is provided of alimentation of electric energy of FERO Station of 110/20/6 KW, the thermic energy was distributed by the steam -generating station with coals, and from 2002, our city was connected on natural gases.

 

Sources

https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrila

 http://www.orasulpetrila.ro/?page_id=148

 http://es.climate-data.org/location/15682/

http://petrila.url.ph/about/orasul-in-prim-plan/

http://greenstone.bjc.ro/greenstone/collect/deva/index/assoc/J035.dir/150%20ani%20mina%20petrila.pdf

http://www.cenhd.ro/index.php/despre-noi/

http://zhd.ro/eveniment/termocentrala-paroseni-s-a-oprit-din-nou-lipsa-huilei-ascunsa-in-spatele-unor-comunicate-seci

Adana, Turkey

Coordinates : 37°0′0″ N,35°19′0″E
Population : 2.165.595 people in 2014
Surface : 14,125 km2
Altitude: 23m (75 ft)
Mine Resources : Chromium, Iron, Manganese, Lead, Zinc, Coal 

 

Strategically located at the crossroads of the Middle East and Europe, Adana is one of the five largest economic, social and cultural centers in

 Turkey. The Adana Kebab®, which lent the city its fame for centuries, has recently been trademarked.

In this hospitable southern town you can experience warm, bright sunshine on the coast at the flamingo haven of Karatas and refreshing coolness in the snow-covered uplands of the Taurus Mountains all in the same day. Located on both sides of the Seyhan River, and expanding around the Seyhan & Çatalan dam lakes, Adana is painted green and blue, to the surprise of the first-time visitor or business traveler. The Taurus Mountains offer a spectacular backdrop to the city.

 

Etymology Of The City's Name

​

    According to numerous sources, the name Adana is derived from the Hittite URUAdaniya of Kizzuwatna, while others assert that it is related to the legendary character Danaus, or to the Danaoi, a mythological Greek tribe who came from Egypt and established themselves in the Greek city Argos. The earlier Egyptian texts for a country Danaja are inscriptions from Thutmosis II and Amenophis III . After the collapse of the Mycenean civilization some refugeees from the Aegean area went to the coast of Cilicia. The inhabitants Dananayim or Danuna are identified as one group of the sea-peoples who attacked Egypt on 1191 BC during the reign of Ramesses III.Denyen are identified as inhabitants of the city Adana. It is also possible that the name is connected with the PIE da-nu (river) Da-na-vo (people living by the river), Scythian nomad people, water demons in Rigveda.

    In Hellenistic times, it was known as Antiochia in Cilicia or Antiochia ad Sarum. The editors of The Helsinki Atlas tentatively identify Adana as Quwê (as contained in cuneiform tablets), the Neo-Assyrian capital of Quwê province. The name also appears as Coa, and may be the place referred to in the Bible, where King Solomon obtained horses. The Armenian name of the city is Ատանա Atana or Ադանա Adana.

    According to an ancient Greco-Roman legend, the name has its origins in Adanus and Sarus, the two sons of Uranus, who came to a place near the Seyhan (Sarus) River, where they built Adana. An older legend relates the city's name to Adad (also known as Tesup or Ishkur), the Thunder God in the Akkadian, Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian and Hittite mythologies, who was believed to live in the nearby forest, and whose name was given to the region.The Hittites' names and writings have been found in the area, evidencing this possibility. The theory goes that since the Thunder God brought so much rain and this rain in turn brought such great abundance in this particular region, this god was loved and respected by its inhabitants and, in his honor, the region was called the "Uru Adaniyya"; in other words "the Region of Ada".

   Adana's name has had many different versions over the centuries: Adanos, Ta Adana, Uru Adaniya, Erdene, Edene, Ezene, Batana, Atana, Azana, Addane. 

Economic potential

Two important factors make Adana attractive for investment: the low cost of living and easy access to the Turkish and 

international markets with the existing interstate and transportation facilities.

A mild climate and rich soil make Adana the ‘bread basket of Turkey’. The city is the marketing and distribution centre for an agricultural region that produces cotton, wheat, barley, grapes, citrus fruits, olives and tobacco. Its main industries are textile manufacturing, tanning (leather), and the processing of wool and various food items.

With t

he Isken power plant investment signed between Germany and Turkey, Adana became the country’s fifth largest recipient of foreign investment in 2003, mainly in the chemical and food sectors. The 1210-megawatt coal power plant has been in operation for two years. The current strategy for promoting the city to overseas investors is to operate and maintain the largest industrial zone in the country, only 20 km away from central Adana. In the industrial zone, 225 companies are already active, primarily in the textile, heavy industry/metal, food, ready wear, plastics and machinery sectors.

One of the most significant economic developments for this region, along with the whole of Europe and many world energy markets, is the soon-to-be-completed Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan oil pipeline, of which 80% passes through Turkey, terminating on the Mediterranean Sea, less than one-hour’s drive from Adana. This pipeline will provide the countries of the Mediterranean and beyond with easy Access to the vast oil and gas reserves of the Caspian Sea. For Adana, the prospects of a new petrochemical industry in the region are enormous.

ADANA IS THE STRATEGIC LOCATION FOR A FUTURE ENERGY CENTRE OF EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST

Local investors, governors, representatives of the chambers, other NGOs and Cukurova University are making visible efforts to ensure Adana earns a significant position in research and technology, as well as in economic trade. Cukurova University, which offers one of the strongest medical and agricultural programmes in the country, has spearheaded the founding of an 850,000 square-meter technology development region, in partnership with the City of Adana, the chambers of commerce and industry, and 16 private firms, to encourage research and development (R&D). The city officials also put effort in making Adana and its region a new destination for the international tourism industry.

Adana Chamber of Commerce (ATO), one of the oldest NGOs in the city, was founded in 1894 – well before Atatürk founded modern Turkey – to regulate and control t

he cotton trade. Today, it is an organization that strives to strengthen the regional economic structure, and to speed up the accumulation of capital in the region together with the Adana Chamber of Industry and the Adana Commodity Exchange. Apart from participating in the EU’s European Chambers Development Programme, ATO plays a lead role in organizing international fairs and forums. The Adana International Forum on Economic Cooperation – for which the second annual meeting will be held in Adana Hilton between February 22-24, 2006, is an initiative driven solely by ATO, to provide new business opportunities between the business partners of Turkey and the participant countries.

In addition to business opportunities, Adana offers a variety of lifestyles. For those who are interested in the liveliness of the city, and the convenience of having quality stores, shops, restaurants and sports facilities within walking distance, many spacious luxury flats are available in the central neighborhoods. For those seeking peace and quiet, numerous amenity-loaded suburban villas abound.

Since Adana has the largest hospital in south-eastern Turkey, as well as numerous public and private health care facilities, and a strong medical school, it is easy to find high quality health care. And as English is emphasized in almost all schools from elementary to high school, it is not difficult to find many English-speaking managers, professionals, secretaries and qualified labourers.

The river walk along the Seyhan River is a haven for walkers and cyclists, who can cross the river on a series of pedestrian suspension bridges to access a vast green park that is well maintained by the city. Many fish restaurants around the lake offer an alternative to the popular kebap restaurants in town. Nightlife can be the highlight of Adana, if you look out for the quality bars, clubs and restaurants tucked away in unexpected corners of the city.

A city of orange blossoms

Outdoor recreation opportunities in the autumn and spring months – and occasionally on bright, warm winter days – are among Adana’s best kept secrets. The historical Hittite settlement Karatepe, famous also for its handmade kilims, is only one hour away, and is perfect for day trips in spring, when the whole region is perfumed with citrus blossoms. During the heat of the summer, the uplands of the Taurus Mountains provide relief and a chance for some white-water rafting and mountain trekking. You can also sail, canoe and windsurf on the lake. The Mediterranean coast, with the seaside towns of Karatas and Yumurtalik, has sandy beaches that are accessible within an hour by car. Two of the largest lagoons in the country are located near Karatas, and host many varieties of birds as they migrate south, creating a paradise for bird watchers.

Adana’s close proximity to the Taurus Mountains to the north, the Mediterranean to the south, Karatepe and other world renowned historic sites to the east, along with its pleasant climate and reasonable cost of living, a highly trained work force, and trade oriented business culture make it a pleasant and an exciting place to settle down.

Adana is a city of 2 million people, where you can run errands around town in the middle of the day, have a delicious kebab meal and still return home within a couple of hours. Where else in the world can you do that?

 

Festivals 

Altın Koza International Film Festival is one of the top film festivals in Turkey, taking place since 1969. During the Altın Koza of 2009, 212 international films were shown in 11 movie theatres across the city. Long Film Contest, International Student Film Contest and Mediterranean Cultures Film Contest are held during the festival.

International Sabancı Theater Festival is held every year in April since 1999. At the festival in 2011, 461 artists from 17 ensembles (10 local and 7 international) performed plays that took stage at the Sabancı Cultural Center. The festival started with an astounding opening show staged on the Seyhan River and Taşköprü by Italian ensemble Studio Festi. "Water Symphony" show was greeted by thousands of people with great enthusiasm.

Orange Blossom Carnival is an annual celebration held every April, an inspiration to the orange blossom scent that covers the city's orange tree lined streets during early April. The carnival parade of 2015 attracted more than 90 thousand people, highest attendance ever in an outdoor event in Adana. Organized concerts and shows at the city's squares, parks and streets are accompanied with the spontaneous street celebrations.

Orange Blossom Carnival (2016)

International Çukurova Instrumental Music Festival is a 2-week long festival held annually in Adana, Antakya and Gaziantep. In 2009, the festival took place for the fifth time with an opening concert from Çukurova State Symphony Orchestra. BaritoneMarcin Bronikowski, pianist Vania Batchvarova, guitarist Peter Finger, celloOzan Tunca and pianist Zöhrap Adıgüzelzade were some of the musicians performed at the festival.

Çukurova Art Days is a regional festival that takes place yearly since 2007. In 2012, the festival took place on 22–26 March in Adana, Mersin, Tarsus, Antakya, İskendurun, Silifke, Anamur and Aleppo. There were 94 events including concerts, poetry, exhibitions, talks and conferences.

13 Kare Arts Festival began in 1999 as a festival of photography dedicated to 13 photographers of Adana who died in an accident during an AFAD (Adana Photography Amateurs Association) trip. Festival then extended to other arts. During the festival, exhibitions of nature, under-sea and architecture photography, puppet shows, shadow theater and several concerts are held. Festival takes place every December.

Adana Literature Festival held every April at Adana Center for Arts & Culture. Around 100 writers, poets and critics attend the festival and performing several talks, panels and presentations.

 

ADANA'S SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL

Adana Cement Solar Power Plant

Geography

Adana is located at the northeastern edge of the Mediterranean, where it serves as the gateway to the Çukurova plain, which has historically been known in the West as the Cilicia plain. This large stretch of flat, fertile land lies southeast of the Taurus Mountains.

From Adana, crossing the Çukurova westwards, the road from Tarsus enters the foothills of the Taurus Mountains. The temperature decreases with every foot of ascent, as the road reaches an altitude of nearly 4,000 feet (1,200 m). It goes through the famousCilician Gates, the rocky pass through which armies have coursed since the dawn of history, and continues to the Anatolian plain.

The north of the city is surrounded by the Seyhan reservoir and HEP, which was completed in 1956. The dam was constructed for hydroelectric power (HEP) and to irrigate the lower Çukurova plain. Two irrigation channels in the city flow to the plain, passing through the city center from east to west. There is another canal for irrigating the Yüreğir plain to the southeast of the city.

The 37th parallel north passes through the city.

Climate

Adana has a typical Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa). Winters are mild and wet and summers are hot and dry. The highest recorded temperature was on 8 July 1978 with 44.0 °C (111.2 °F). The lowest recorded temperature was −8.1 °C (17.4 °F).

 

San Severo (FG), Italy

San Severo is a small city of 50/60.000 inhabitants in the province of Foggia (Italy).

This zone is mild and it is sunny for the great part of the year. There are frequent and very strong winds.

 This kind of wheater is influenced by the adriatic sea and the mediterranean sea that create cold winters and very hot summers.

San Severo is a city in the south of Italy. It is near the sea so there is a mediterranean climate with warm and sultry summers and mild winters

• In the autumn the temperature is cold with irregular rainfall
• In the winter the temperature is cold with fairly abundant although not excessive rainfall and sometimes it snows.
• In the spring the temeperature is mild and there is a lot of sun
• In the summer the climate is great with warm and sultry temperature.   

                                                                                          

San Severo is a very ancient city and according the legend, this city was foundend by Greek and Diomedes. Its name was Castrum Dionis (Casteldrione). It’s a very ‘city of art’ because we have a lot of churches with tall bell tower. The historic centre is one of the most beautiful centre in the Capitanata. 

Thanks to the presence of the sun, in our country we use panels fotovoltaici and solariums. and over, we use the strength of the wind to exploit to the best the wind turbines.

San Severe it is an Italian commune of the province of Manner in Puglia. The city is Episcopalian center from the 1580. Center of ancient merchant and agricultural traditions, is essentially devoted today to the tertiary one. The commune, to the center of a road network in the northern Tavoliere, it is city of art.

Climate

 The climate, already moderate for latitude  and longitude, is relatively characterized by winters colds (with very rare snowfalls) and very warm summers, characterized by strong diurnal thermal excursions.
The winds are frequent and moderate, sometimes rather strong.
The coldest month is January with 3 °Cs of average and the more heats they are July and August (25°).

Territory

The territory is predominantly level and characterized by sand and clay fossilifere, of sea origin.
The sour one is also populated poorly being studded of farms. The prevailing crops are those of olive-groves, ample vineyards of different type and vast sowed you to wheat. Rarer the orchards, while cultivated fields to vegetables don't be missing, particularly the zucchines.
Idrografias I raced of water are least. Besides the Candelaro, the sour sanseverese is crossed by the streams Triolo, Salsola, Radicosa, Vènolo, Fitting with iron, Saint Maria and Potesano.
To the shortage of waters in surface, almost entirely absent in the summer season, it corresponds a notable presence of waters brackish freatiche, especially in the subsoil of the city.

Traditions

Tradition and folklore You party patronale You party patronale, popularly note as Party of the Help, celebrates the liturgical solemnity 

The party patronale, popularly note as Party of the Help, celebrates the liturgical solemnity of the Madonna of the Help patrona of the city and the diocese. To the Virgo they are in partnership, in the external celebrations of third Sunday of May and the following Monday, the holy compatronis Severino abbot and Severe bishop. Extraordinary Baroque event that every year attracts different thousand of visitors, the party is characterized by two sumptuous processions, in which are brought to shoulder numerous simulacri of saints.
Both the sacred processions are articulated by the roaring pyrotechnic batteries, said also fires, you set on fire to the passage of the processions in the over winds neighborhoods. During the fire of the batteries, besides, the impressive run of the fujentis instigates him a crowd of young people that follows the run of the fires racing not too far from the explosions as symbol of purification of the body and the soul.