urban development

Structure

1. Urban development in general
2. Different stages of urban development
3. Urban development in the past
4. Sustainable urban development
   4. 1 Stuttgart 21
      1. The concept of Stuttgart 21
      2. Issues of Stuttgart 21
   4. 2 Urban living
   4. 3 The Rosensteinquartier
5. Tools of urban development
6. Urban development policy
   6. 1 Trends
   6. 2 Corresponding policy
7. Urban development in the future

 

 

 

 

      1. Urban development in general

• areal, historical and structural overall development of an city
• Different to city construction which is only the reorganization of districts and public space/ areas
• Urban development is the whole development of an city which includes the social, economic, cultural and environmental development
• Also urban development creates cities from for example
• “Urban development occurs by expansion into unpopulated areas and/or the renovation of decaying regions.”
• Have to work close with environmental protection agencies to not destroy the environment or the life of wild animals.
• To use unused areas and spaces à to not waste resources
• Renovation to keep and obtain the life of the city

2. Different stages of urban development

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• Is an increase in a population in rural areas in opposite in cities and towns
• Began during the industrial revolution, when workers moved to manufacturing hubs in cities à it became more popular  that workers work
• as agriculture jobs it became less common workers began to run for jobs and factories

One example: human population growth à urbanization of rural land brings along an accompanying development of infrastructure

• One consequence of urbanization is the fact that moving into the cities leads to the construction of new houses, roads and utilities. As a result, the cities continue to expand and claim more and more land and resources of the surrounding area. In Germany today there is a very high proportion of the population living in cities. However, there is no real megacity.

 

Suburbanization:

• is a process in which the population increasingly relocates from the city to surrounding peripheral areas
• The consequences are the reduction of production sites within the cities and declining tax revenues.
• Another consequence of suburbanization is a growing volume of traffic in the city center by commuters who work in the city of the center but live in suburban space.
• The reasons for this process are a lack of housing in the city and an increasing standard of quality of life (such as the desire for more green space, a child-friendly environment) and a high labor mobility.
• Suburbanization takes place almost exclusively in industrialized countries.
• Since the 1990s, West Germany has been able to maintain its population growth in agglomeration areas and urbanized areas, while the core cities are lagging far behind. In the surrounding areas, the population numbers rise above average and the stronger, the thinner these districts are populated.

 

Desurbanization:

Desurbanization describes the process of people leaving the city. It’s an unusual development in Germany. In the process of desurbanization the number of inhabitants in nucleated towns decreases. Aggregation spaces also register an decrease in the size of population. The effect shows inter- regional migration because of the rising attractiveness in less populated areas. But why are the people moving to less populated areas? It’s because of new innovation in the technology of communication and information, leisure facilities and recover facilities are improved and the cheaper ground costs make the living in those areas more attractive.

The Re- Urbanization describes the growing population and the growing engagement in the so called nucleated town, which ist he central point oft he city. Thereby the nucleated city is being enhanced the status through many different factors. Those are for example the investment in urban development, structural  change or higher appearance of traffic costs, that make the living costs in cities cheaper.

Therefore Re- Urbanization is an circular phenonemon, which is imbedded in urbanization in general. Suburbanization or Urbanization in general go ahead before it comes to Re- Urbanization.

Examples especially for Germany is the increasing interest to move again in cities. That is particularly seen by people at the age of 50.

They want to disclaim the use of cars because important facilities are close to them anyway. But few are implementing their idea of moving to the city.

In the past ten years the number of inhabitants increased nearly in all big cities outside the „Ruhrpott“.

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3. Urban development in the past

• Stuttgart has started small.
• 90 after Christ, the Roman settled in Stuttgart first.
• Duke Luidolf from Schwaben settled in Stuttgart, 950 after Christ.
• The City originates from a stud, which was formed by Lindendorf, Duke of Sweden
• The first castle was built from 1746 to 1807 on behalf of the Duke of Württemberg.

 

• Due to the landscape, Stuttgart became a metropolis.
• Stuttgart is a kattled layer and has a good connection oversea.
• The Neckar makes oversea connection possible. It flows into the    Rhein, which is between economic and industrial areas from Europe.
• Consequently industries settled to Stuttgart. The first factory was found by Johann Georg Godmer with spinning frames, 1806.
• Daimler was found in 1886 in Stuttgart. Much later, 1931 Porsche was found in Stuttgart.
• With the industries, laborers moved to Stuttgart.
• Around the factories, residential areas for labor were developed.
• Königsstraße:

• In the 13th century, the extension of the oval city plant around the former castle, the market square and the settlement of merchant were building a foundation for the later street construction.
• The city ramparts are visible by the rise of the street.
• After the  World War II: “Rebuilding of a new Stuttgart”:
• Stuttgart was completely destroyed, causing the air raids.
• Living space was created as quickly as possible.
• A new castle was built.
• In 2014 two shopping centers were built in Stuttgart:
• Milaneo, with more than 50.000 square meters area and it costs almost 550 million Euros.
• Gerber, with more than 40.000 square meters area and it costs   almost 250 million Euros.
• In 2017 a skyscraper was built in the Europaviertel, called “Cloud7”.
• The building with 18 floors cost almost 80 million Euros.

 

4. Sustainable urban development

4.1 Stuttgart 21

4.1.1 Concept of Stuttgart 21

What is Stuttgart 21 in general?

Stuttgart 21 is a big project in the city center of Stuttgart wich includes the reconstruction of the main station of Stuttgart and a new rail track, about 60 kilometers through Baden-Württemberg, wich will make it way easier to cross the swabian jura. The new main station will be an representative one all over the world and also it will be the most expensive. Additional to the reconstruction oft the main station there will be three other new railstations all over Stuttgart. All in all the whole project will probaly overrun a cost limitation of 10 billion euros. The main aim is to transform the main station from a dead-end station to a underground through station.

Numbers an facts about the project:                           

• Half of the 60 kilometer of the new  railtrack is going to run in tunnels
• New mainstation will be rotated 90 degrees, eleven meters under earth, departure platform will be 420 meters long and the number of railtracks will be reduced to eight
• 27 light windows will supply the new station with daylight
• This big project will stabilize the position of Stuttgart and Baden-Württemberg in the european rail system and it will be a main stop fort he new highspeed track between Paris and Bratislava

 

4.1.2 Issues of Stuttgart 21

• The developing Tunnellabyrinth salvages a lot of dangers like
• Escalators and stairs are disabilities for handicaped people and they are lengthen the changing times
•  280 trees will be cut down
• Temperature in the city will rise because oft the cultivation of the

 

4. 2 Urban living

• Total population declined after the 1970s
• For the last 30 years people increasingly moved back to Stuttgart (reurbanization)
• In the years from 2011 to 2015 Stuttgart had a population growth of roughly 5.5%,           
• Rising population causes an ascending demand for living spaces
• Land price is about 900€ per square meter in Stuttgart (more than four times the average of Baden-Württemberg with 186€)
• Hence most people can´t afford buying a new house or flat by themselves (about 5,000€ per square meter in average), old living spaces are to be upgraded and reconstructed
• Due to the space in Stuttgart being limited, primarily apartment buildings for several families are built
• In 2015 more than 20,000 new flats were built and sold in the greater area of Stuttgart
• To make Stuttgart´s center more accessible and to reduce the traffic, public transport is getting renewed and extended
• Newly built shopping malls like the Gerber area or the Milaneo shopping center as much as parks and recreational areas shall make Stuttgart appear more comfortable and inviting

 

4.3 The Rosensteinquartier

 

• Since the main station is being relocated 80 hectare formerly used for rail tracks will be unused soon
• The area will be used to create a new city district called Rosensteinquartier
• The new district will connect Stuttgart east and Stuttgart north perfectly (they were separated by the railways before)
• Not only will the Rosensteinquartier have a perfect access to the Schlosspark and the Rosensteinpark, it will also be in a comfortable walking distance of several train stations
• Many new living spaces will be provided but some park areas are still to be preserved

 

Tools of urban development

• climate protection
• elements of a complex planning and development process
• financial control forms
• obtaining funds
• media work à to draw attention to problems and tasks
• culture and sport

 

      6.1 Trends

The Refugee Crisis and it´s influence on Stuttgart´s buliding process

Firstly I would like to analyse the given line graph. The line graph shows the increase of the amount of foreigners in the German population. The graph refers to  the years between 1970 and  2016. According to that period of time, there has been a growth of approximately 7% of foreigners in Germany.  Since 2011 there has been a growth of 3 million asylum seeker and even more people. The consequence/effect: On the basis of our chancellor Angela Merkel and her refugee policy, there has to be build up new, flexible and many accomodations. One of  the largest construction company in Germany decided to handle this project/responsibilty Züblin.  In the  new builded refugee accomodation, there is place for  70 people, although in there are 4-5 persons living in one room

The upper image shows the upcoming and the existing refugee houses on the deadline 31.12.2015 in Stuttgart. The orange cricles demonstrate the already existing accomodations nowadays, which are mostly located in the north of Stuttgart or in the area Bad Cannstatt. The north is a quite suitable place because there is more free land, which is not that closely built  as in the centre of Stuttgart. The Purple circles are those lands, in which the Züblin company wants to build more houses and of course with the consent of the refugee policy.

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Demographic change in Stuttgart

Stutgart stays spared from the extreme demograhic change, in comparison with other areas in Germany like Saarland. As the upper statistic shows Stuttgart is fullfilled with many young people especially in the age group between 20-35. The difference between female and male is very less. The obvious aspect is the fact, that there are more people with a migration background than orginal germans in Stuttgart. The reason is that Stuttgart offers many Universities and Colleges. There are many students, although Stuttgart is one of the economic leading town which offers many jobs in the sectors of technology, industry, engineer, automobile etc. Many people at the age between 30-65 are employed. The retirement age is achieved in Germany at the age of 67. An obvious aspect is the fact that the statistic is quite in a parallel shape. However the forecast for 2030 is the decrease of more than half a million inhabitants in Germany.

 

Diesel scandal in Stuttgart

After many fine dust alarms and smog alarms in Stuttgart (2017), which were in some days higher than  in citys like shanghai china, the so called „DUH Umwelthilfe in Deutschland“ and the administrative court of Stuttgart decided to introduce a driving ban to some cars. This measure should be activated from 1st January of 2018. The measure includes: A driving ban of specific (old) diesel cars and new plaques for every car. Another and one final point to consider is the Transit bans even for commuter in downtown or eco zones of Stuttgart.

 

5. corresponding policy

Urban developement policy

• sets measures to equalise the increased competition between cities for private-economic and public investments, jobs, visitors and inhabitants, due to post-industrial structural change, globalization and the reduction of the welfare state.
• this policy applies to all areas, such as: social-, education-, culture and economic policy, and is primarily discussed in city administration
• the six aims of the urban developement policy are:

• improvement of the residential quality
• improvement of the environmental quality
• increase of the competitiveness
• optimal goods supply
• improvement of the political capability
•  improvement of the centre-peripherial relations

National urban developement policy:

• the duty of the National Urban Developement Policy is to follow the tasks of the „Leipzig-Charta“, which was settled in 2007
• the „Leipzig-Charta“ is a concept for all european countries, to build a basis of a „european city“
• the main focus is on:

• evaluation and advancement of aid programmes
• constant exchange with countries and local authorities
• realisation of regional conferences for the urban developement support and the national urban developement policy
• implementation and supervision of innovative projects
• organization and exchange of information and experience
• realisation of events to exchange information and experience
• Financing
• The federation (1/3 share), regions (1/3 share) and the communities (1/3 share) are involved.

 

6. Urban development in the future

• Upgrading the areas for living, working and downtown/ shopping areas for example tourism
• To remove defects for example on old buildings
• Improve the infrastructure by using unused spaces for streets etc.
• Researchers estimate that till 2050, two-thirds of people will live in major cities.
• many big cities will face a social split
• urban development and the cities of tomorrow have a influence on social aspects for example to find a reasonable training or a good job
• urban development could also simplify life by shorten the way to work and avoiding too much hours stuck in traffic or crowded train.
• Critic

1.       environment gets destroyed

2.       the culture and identity of the city gets lost

3.       increasing traffic is a problem for the work of architect

• all in one, it is difficult to realize many visions
• 4 theses on urban development in the future

1. More and more skyscraper (change the cityscape)

For example Cloud 7, the skyscraper from the LBBW Bank and another one which is going to be build in the same street (near the city center)

2. Cities in a city -> districts are going to be cities
3. Residential and office units are getting smaller
4. more mobility - improving traffic routes