Historical city climate and today
History
1698 „Air and climate - theme of the Citydevelopment“
- Complete population: 13000 people
- The Duke wanted a higher city development and involve foreign people for the trade processes
- In this time housing shortage was a big problem → quarrel about the Stuttgart construction policy
→ Stuttgart had no good position for the trade or larger
business
→ Because of the valleys and there were no navigable
rivers
→ Also the fields were to small
→ More diseases because of the valley and the people
also the air was bad because of the building, -> the air,
jammed above the valley
1781 – 1843
- The King Carl Eugen 1781-1846 (2nd King of Württemberg 1816-1864)he built castles, castle „solitude“, „Hohenheim“…
- he was no absolutely monarch he lowered the takes , and as well in 1818 was the first fair
- In 1820 the funerary chapel was built
- Educational institutions such as the Agricultural School founded in 1818,
- the United Real and Trade School founded in 1829 and the Stuttgart Music School founded in 1857
- In 1840 were the first plans about a railway station
- In 1843 the museum of art „Staatsgalerie“ was built, also the urbanization advanced in the beginnings of the 19th Century-other hospitals and buildings were built, like the castle „Rosenstein“ and the „Königsbau“
- At the provincial celebration of the 25th anniversary of the reign of King Wilhelm I on September 28, 1841, there was a procession through Stuttgart with 10,390 participants and 200,000 spectators. The anniversary column of Johann Michael Knapp, which was completed in 1863, still commemorates this event.
- Between 1800 and 1900 the population increased from about 20,000 to 160,000
The industrialization was comparatively late in Stuttgart because
- We had rarely no resources (no ore, brown coal...)
- no access to the water, only over a mountain to the Neckar because at this time „Cannstatt and Obertürkheim“ were not a part of Stuttgart
- as well the topography complicate the transport of goods and people, because of the kettle it was not easy to travel
1844 „It stinks to the sky“
- In the beginnings of the 19th century Stuttgart became the capital city of Württemberg
- The air is matt, consumed, spotted and dull → the vermin’s increased in the gardens
- Moreover there was a political and regilous upswing (because of the industrialization) also the population rose, the population doubled in 1834-1871
1845 – 1868
- 1845 Opening of the first gas factory in Stuttgart
→ 1847: 400 street light operated
by gas in Stuttgart
The first Wittenberg railway left in 1845
-
In the middle of the 19th century, the plan was to connect the local railways to
the worldwide transport network. A big train station was build in the center of
Stuttgart. Today his station is our main train station near the “Schlossgarten”.
The station has two connections along the castle garden and towards Feuerbach.
The first train left on 26th September 1846 from the station. Between 1866 and
1868 the station was extended to eight tracks.
Habitants: From 1834 the population growth is steady.
1834: 35.200 → 1852: 50.000 → 1874: more than 100.000 → 1902: twice as much
The inhabited cities were for example: Bad-Cannstatt, Stuttgart and Feuerbach.
§ Attractions:
→ Wilhelma (zoological and botanical garden) was built between 1846 and 1866
→ Königsbau (1856 – 1860) with several shops
→ Landesmuseum was founded in 1862 by King I of Württemberg
1877 – 1899
- Automotive Industry: During the 1880s and 1890s Gottlieb Daimler (creator of the automobile) build the foundation of his business. In 1887 his company was founded. Technical progress lead to using air pollution a problem which still very today current.
→ First Nesenvachviadukt (1877) a bridge for trains
→ Stuttgart is know for its “Stäffele” (famous staircases), there are more than 400
→ Bismarcktturm (1899) from the tower you have a nice overview of Stuttgart
1902 – 1912
- “Gartenstadt”: Created to make sure that the train station did not separate the urban space and fit into the overall picture of the city. This was not focused until 114 years later. Due to the basic idea of the “Gartenstadt” the idea of a transit station came up but was not implemented. This idea was not implemented. The tracks could not be built underground because there was not enough space.
- Attraction places:
→ Staatstheater (1909 – 19012) offers a wide range of ballet, drama and theater. It is
. located near the main train station in Stuttgart´s Schlossgarten
→ Wilhelmsbau (1908/09): The Königsstraße is the most famous street in Stuttgart nowadays. In the middle of the 19th century there were a lot of shops on the street. In 1859 the first large shopping center, which was the calls “Königsbau”, was built
→ Lindenmuseum (1911) includes many works from Africa, America and Asia.
→ “Warenhaus Schocken” (1912) received international recognition and is a signal for a shift
of Stuttgart city center to the west.
1914 - 1918 (The First World War)
- Airstrikes: In 1915 most of the bombs (29 units) near the station were shot down. Many people died.
- Consequences of the war:
→ Millions of people were injured
→ Millions of people died, especially men, who had died in the war. That is why there were many female workers.
→ Famine, which led to malnutrition and many diseases
→ Food shortages, poor medical care and shortage of raw materials
→ Environment and city was destroyed
→ State in debt
1924 – 1938
→ Konzertorchester (1924) called Stuttgart Philharmoniker
1939
- Employing a meteologist for measures to organize the air raid defences based on the thought that throught the production of artificial fog they could protect the city from bomb aircraft
- In the processes they found out about the air flow conditions, the ventilation and venting possibilities of the settlementareas located in valleys
- It had a considerable impact in urban planning since it was now in future city planning plans of the city to receive thus recongnized climatically significant fresh air corridors in their function and to further develop as fast as possible
From 1945 (directly after the 2nd worldwar)
- Observations on the city's ventilation lanes were considered significant for air purification, with meteorologist Karl Schwalb advising on the development of the city's 1948 development plan
- From a meteorological point of view, the planning of wide inner-city roadways was based on the understanding of a future-oriented, car-friendly city
- From the point of view of aeration, they had decided on the right thing, but misjudged the city-planning fragmentation effects of the streets Theodor-Heuss-Straße, Hauptstätter Straße and Konrad-Adenauer-Straße with their huge traffic flows
1953
- Climatic air hygiene examination and measuring tasks also the advice of the mayor's office, the specialized offices and the district offices in meteorological questions as well as in questions of the noise control before another future-oriented task area of the climatological department was established.
1965
- Systematic measurements of air pollutants in Stuttgart date back to 1965 includet: sulfur dioxide (S02) and dust precipitation, which at the time were considered as lead substances of the air pollutants
1970 – 1979 Environmental protection is in the foreground
- the commissioning of a carbon monoxide(CO)- measuring station at the Charlottenplatz was carried out in addition to the continued sulfur dioxide measurements and the dust precipitation measurements
- The co-measurement series from Charlottenplatz (Jan. 1974 - Aug. 1976) has put the vehicle-related pollution of the air in sight
- The evaluation of this series of measurements should be one of the first systematic reports on the now most important source group of urban air pollutants throughout the country
- The Federal Immission Control Act comes into force in 1974, which includes not only system-related regulations but also region-related regulations
- In the early 1970s, the Federal Environment Agency was founded and environmental protection legislation is undergoing important extension
- In the early 70s, the method of infrared thermography for urban climatic investigations is researched and initially implemented for the planned "Löwentorzentrum" practically
§ the environmental impact is an important discussion
§ establishment of the “Environmental Bureau” = takes care of the preservation of a healthy environment
→ they collect data on current conditions research relationships and gives their knowledge to
the federal government
§ federal environment agency researched the method of infrared thermography
§ the infrared thermography gives a picture of the current temperature distribution on the earth's surface
1980 – 1989 Increasing of the traffic emissions
§ rapid growth of the population in Stuttgart
the number of motor vehicles increased more and more and caused more air pollution
§ the measurement of air pollutants was carried out with aerial vehicles
→ were more practical and mobile for the measurement of traffic emissions
§ in 1985/1986, the state institute for environmental protection carried out the first full-coverage
emissions recording and an immission measurement program in the Stuttgart area under investigation
Today
1. Urban climate – definition
- Climate = average status of evocative weather conditions àincluding variations caused by a different location
- Relevant: geopraphic postition, height of village, closeness to water-areas
- Measurement elements = humidity, air temperature, rainfall, air pressure, windblown, cloudiness and emission.
- Urban climate = interaction of all these apects in an urban area like the city
2. Climate change
- Earth gets around 0.74 degree celsius warmer
- Chief cause: use of fossil fuels
- Worldwide 32 billion tons of CO2 per year
- Experts expect a temperature rise of 1,8 to 6,0 degree celsius
- On land and in polar region it gets warmest
- Sea level will rise in case of melting of ice caps
Other impacts:
- Heatwave
- Strong rainfall
- Tornado
Prevention of climate change in Stuttgart
- Area development planning in case of reduction of traffic
- Support of bikes
- Urban car park concept
- Support of low enery construction
- Support of local heating plant
- Planning of places for wind energy converter
- Climate change only can be effective when all people help
2.2 Fine Dust
2.2.1.What does fine dust mean?
Fine dust is a fine invisible dust. The smaller the dust particles, the easier they get into the lungs and into the bloodstream.
The issue of air pollution moves the city. The aim is to improve the quality of life in Stuttgart. That means less noise, less congestion, less stress and above all less pollutants in the air.
2.2.2 What can be done to reduce fine dust ?
- Use the public transport: The city of Stuttgart has a dense and well-functioning network of bus, light rail system and tram lines. More than 600,000 people use public transport in Stuttgart every day - and the numbers are rising.
- To form a carpool: To ride with someone is better for the environment than driving alone. Intermediary exchanges on the Internet help to find the right passenger.
- Walk by foot: Walking is healthy, eco-friendly and it costs nothing.
- Reduce the recreational traffic: During leisure, you could use the bike or drive through the city by public transport.
2.2.3. Will there be driving bans in stuttgart?
Currently there are no traffic restrictions in Stuttgart. Nobody has to disclaim on his car. But voluntarily stopping the car helps in any case to improve the air in Stuttgart.
2.2.4. How long does a single fine dust alert last?
The fine dust alert can last for several days, but at least for two consecutive days.
2.2.5. How does the street cleaning work?
The cleaning is done by a combination of water pressure cleaning, suction and mechanical cleaning. During cleaning, the lane that is being cleaned is blocked. The costs of cleaning is around 600,000 euros
2.2.6.What is the reason for fine dust?
It is generated by emissions from motor vehicles, electricity and heat energy generation, and stoves and heaters in residential buildings.
Where the biggest fine dust comes from:
- 38% Industry
- 18% Agriculture
- 15% Traffic
- 12% Heating system / stove / chimney
- 10% Marine transport
- 6% power station
7. Actual sitiuation in Stuttgart
Two substances in the air cause problems in Stuttgart: particulate matter and nitrogen oxides.
Both are harmful to health. For example, particulate matter can cause pneumonia and cancer and increase the risk of heart attack.
For both substances there are European-wide legal limit values how much of it may be in the air.
In Stuttgart, these values have been exceeded for years.
The limit values for nitric oxide: 40 micrograms nitric oxide cubic meters of air are allowed on an annual average.
At the Neckartor measuring point, the 2016 figure was more than twice as high.
The limits for particulate matter:
A maximum of 35 days per year is allowed, at which the limit of 50 micrograms per cubic meter may be exceeded in the daily average.
In Stuttgart in 2016 there were 63 such days at the measuring point Neckartor.
Actually, the state government wants a blue badge. But that has to be decided at the federal level.
A blue badge would mean that cars with particularly bad exhaust emissions in Stuttgart from 2020 are no longer allowed to drive.
3. Polluting emission
- Big amount of pollutant through traffic, heating, industry and power stations daily
(fine dust, organic connections, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, sulfer dioxide and carbon dioxide)
- Beside the amount of pollutant is the distribution in urban areas essential
- In nearness of expressways and power stations: high pollution
- Pollution not every month the same – in sommer we don´t need the heating
4. Traffic as source of pollution
- Traffic increase – partly collapse of traffic mostly in overcrowded area
- Noise and air pollutants increase like traffic
- Following picture shows percentage of traffic at the polluting emission
- Through motors arise hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxide and fine dust
- Pollutions are controlled by speed and driver operation characteristics
5. Biological effect of pollution
- Affect on vegetation, people and health
- Short-term and long-term harms
- Following illnesses are proven:
- attraction of eyes and airways
- ignition of lungs
- cell damage
- disorders of oxygen exchange of blood
- tumors
- weaknesses of performance, concentration and sleep
6. Clean air plan
- aim: to improve the air quality. The plan consists of 40 arrangements.
- determination of critical values for the pollution of fine dust in a short periode
- critical values for the pollution of nitrogen dioxide in a short and long peridode
- most parts of Stuttgart follow the critical values but some parts not, in order of this Stuttgart create more arrangements
- council of Stuttgart voted against the blue pollution badge while fine dust alarm and also against the ban on driving while fine dust alarm on „clean air roads“ in circular deep valley, at the Neckar-gate and on roads in Feuerbach and Zuffenhausen
- council voted for the blue pollution badge which has to be fixed the whole year
- blue pollution badge will be introduced on the 01. January 2020
But only when 80% of Stuttgarts crafts fulfill the qualifictaions for the blue pollution badge
More arrangements:
Fast busses between Bad Cannstatt and inner city, extra tracks for busses, hybrid busses, development of cycle tracks,…
7. Transport development plan (TDP)
8. Companies against the climate change in Stuttgart
- Stuttgart has big companies like Daimler AG, Porsche AG, Mahle GmbH, Bosch GmbH, Siemens AG
- They emit a lot of harmful substances very important that the companies filtering and reduce their harmful substances
- The most companies in Stuttgart will stop the pollution voluntary
- They will achieve their self made environmental objectives
- Therefore the companies became a certificate like the ´EMAS´or ´Blauer Engel´
- During the fine dust alarm Porsche and Daimler make it possible that every staff can drive free with the buses and trains to their work Requirement: staff has to show their company ID card
- The city and other cities in Germany discuss that you can not drive to Stuttgart with your diesels against the fine dust alarm
- The state Germany discuss that every car should have a sign witch have a color show which car is bad for the environment can not drive into Stuttgart
- That was also discuss in big cities like Hamburg and Düsseldorf
- A lot of people against that because the must buy a new car
- Minister require from the car industry that the cars have to upgrade expensless against high pollution
- The car industry ( Daimler and Porsche) will construct more electric cars against the climate change
- Since many years they construct that cars at that moment the cars are very expensive
- Stuttgart has 180 electronic stations spread in the whole city for electric cars, E- Bikes and E- scooter
Benefit: You find a parking more easily if you have an electronic car
9. Plants against the climate problem
- Green storefronts and backyards with plants and flowers looking friendly and help the environmen
- Many places in cities are asphalted, but the most asphalted places can shaped green
- A lot of plant species like Efeu , Wilder Wein, Feuerdorn und Kletterrose can plant in the city
- Furthermore we can save with plants the habitats of animals
- In the summer these type of plants can filtering the dust and harmful substances
- The city Stuttgart help inhabitants by questions in planting of areas
- The city also support the people with money if they plan green areas in urban compact areas
- Trees need time to grow and need them to filtering the C02
- One tree consume 10 kilogram C02 in one year
- Trees also use sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide and give oxygen back in the air
- 5 kilogram harmful substances collect one tree per year and give 130 kilogram oxygen in the air
- Trees also resorb 370 liter water per day and give the water back in the atmosphere support the nature loop of water
- Stuttgart has many trees and forests by comparison with other cities. They appear refrigerant Regardless the temperatures become higher and higher in the city
- Till the end of this century Stuttgart will have the same temperature like Rom
- The days with temperatures over 25 degrees have doubled since the last 30 years in Stuttgart
Facts:
- Today there are 3 billions of trees on the earth
- We have destroyed 46% of the tree population
- If we destroy in the same speed we have got to live in 200 years without any tree
VERY IMPORTANT FOR STUTTGART(and other cities) TO SUPPORT PLANTATION IN THEIR CITY
A big project with plants against the harmful substances is the wall of doosh in Stuttgart
10. The wall of dosh
- Built at the 8th of March 2017
- It is about 100 meters long and 3 meters high
- Aim: clean the air and filtering the harmful substances
- Wall is near the ,Neckartor´ (along the ´canstatter street´) in the city of Stuttgart
- These street have one of the highest volume of traffic in Germany
- Independent surveys have shown that dosh can reduce the harmful substances
- Financing: The local council of Stuttgart 380.000 Euros an the Land Baden Württemberg 170.000 Euros
- Some activists against the wall think it is better to reduce the harmful substances. Therefore the city don´t need arrangements to reduce them
- Foreign visitors now and in the future: Chinese environmental activists and the London daily newspaper
- Problem: Sometimes the wall looks mummified, because it is brown
- It looks dry and dead
But the wall is only dry not mummified say environmental activists
- The dosh belongs to the type of ,,Frauenhaarmoose´´ (plant species)
Therefore it is normal that the dosh become brown in the summer. So the doosh fold the younger foliage up and we can only see the older brown doosh looks mummified
- The real problem is the watering city will correct these problem
- fine dust in the winter higher than the fine dust in the summer
Therefore these plant species are perfect filtering more in the winter
- In the city Reutlingen (near Stuttgart) is also a wall, which will reduce the fine dust.
But this wall is not a wall of doosh. It is a wall of ´Fetthennen´( plant species)
11. The Vision of a park like development
Park like development in general:
Raiser: Ebenezer Howard 1898
- should promote a sustainable influence on urban development and urban planning on western industrial nations
- to relive the city
- bulked and nerved with local parks
- structured settlement pattern
- spatial separation of important functions
- it’s planned that the city stays permanent in shared ownership
First Project: Letchworth 1919 : Welwyn Garden (near London)
12. Noise annoyance
In the following graph you can see how much of the population feels annoyed of which kind of noise
- Majority feels distrubed by road traffic
- Among aothers caused by location in a basin of Stuttgart
- good infastructure with many roads is absolutely needed
- Permanent noise pollution is at 65 decible
- To compare, this is the same decible amount as in a cafeteria
Scientifically proven: from a acoustic level of 60 decible there are stress reactions during sleeping and this wider-meshed operated the daily mood
13. Noise control
- Establishment of speed limit of 30 and 50 kilometers per hour
- More than 90 noise barriers were built One of those: placed in Stuttgart Vaihingen It shows a height of 4 meters Seperates the freeway of the city itself Habitant complain, it should be built higher, because it is still noisy
- General goal of noise barriers: to decrease sound about 27 decibile
- Stuttgart invested more than 25 million euro in this
Soun-insulating-window-policy was enforced 19 000 flats were benefited also with 25 million euro.
14. Comparision
14.1 Comparision between the climate in Stuttgart (Germany) and Peking (China)
- Charts on the right show climate at day (red) and at night (grey), sunshine hours per day (yellow) and retentate per month (blue).
- Climate in Stuttgart: pretty normal.
- May till September: very warm
- December and January: temerpature drops below 0°C
- Generally the climate is soft
- In basin: average temperature 10°C
- At edge levels: average temperature 8,4°C
- Hottest month: July
- Coldest month: January
- Viticulture is wide spreaded because of soft climate
14.2 Comparision between climate in the city and and surrounding land
- Solar radication in the city can break trough about 20% less than in the surrounding land
- Sunshine duration in city is 15% less
- Number of heating days is in city about 10% less than in vicinity because development in the cities is considerably more, so the heat is more likely to stay
- Frost period is in surroundingland about 25% longer
- In city it is 20% more often windless surrounding land has gusts with 20% more strength
- In city: very cloudy in vicinity: cloudless about 10% more